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A Survivor from Warsaw
''A Survivor from Warsaw'', Op. 46, is a work for narrator, men's chorus, and orchestra written by the Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg in 1947. The initial inspiration for the work was a suggestion from the Russian émigrée dancer Corinne Chochem for a work to pay tribute to the Holocaust victims of the German Third Reich. While the collaboration between Chochem and Schoenberg did not come to fruition, Schoenberg continued to develop the idea for such a work independently. He then received a letter from the Koussevitzky Music Foundation for a commission for an orchestral work. Schoenberg then decided to fulfill this commission with this tribute work. He wrote the work from 11 August 1947 to 23 August 1947.〔Michael Strasser, "''A Survivor from Warsaw'' as Personal Parable" (February 1995). ''Music & Letters'', 76 (1): pp. 52–63.〕
Because of the connection of the Koussevitzsky Foundation and the conductor Serge Koussevitzsky with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, it was presumed at the time that the Boston Symphony and Koussevitzsky would give the premiere. However, Kurt Frederick, conductor of the Albuquerque Civic Symphony Orchestra, had heard about this new work, and wrote to Schoenberg to ask for permission to give the premiere. Schoenberg agreed, and stipulated that, in lieu of a performance fee, the New Mexico musicians prepare a full set of orchestral and choral parts and send those to him. The premiere was originally scheduled for 7 September 1948, but did not occur until 4 November 1948 in Albuquerque, New Mexico at the University of New Mexico.〔 Kurt Frederick conducted the Albuquerque Civic Symphony Orchestra, with Sherman Smith as the narrator. Between the two dates of the scheduled and actual premiere, Koussevitzsky had heard of the request from Albuquerque, and approved of the situation.〔
The work lasts a little more than six minutes. Richard S. Hill published a contemporary analysis of Schoenberg's use of twelve-tone rows in this composition.〔Richard S. Hill, "Music Reviews: ''A Survivor from Warsaw'', for Narrator, Men's Chorus, and Orchestra by Arnold Schoenberg" (December 1949). ''Notes'' (2nd Ser.), 7 (1): pp. 133–135.〕 Jacques-Louis Monod prepared a definitive edition of the score, which was published in 1979.〔Richard G. Swift, Review of newly revised edition of Arnold Schoenberg, ''A Survivor from Warsaw'' (September 1980). ''MLA Notes'', 37 (1): p. 154.〕 Beat A. Föllmi has published a detailed analysis of the narrative of ''A Survivor from Warsaw''.〔Beat A. Föllmi, "I Cannot Remember Ev'rything". Eine narratologische Analyse von Arnold Schönberg's Kantate "A Survivor from Warsaw" op. 46" (1998). ''Archiv für Musikwissenschaft'', Jahrgang LV (Heft 1): pp. 28–56 (article in German).〕
==Story==
The narration depicts the story of a survivor from the Warsaw ghetto during the Second World War, from his time in a concentration camp. The narrator does not remember how he ended up living in the Warsaw sewers. One day, in the camp, the Nazi authorities held a roll call of a group of Jews. The group tried to assemble, but there was confusion, and the guards beat the old and ailing Jews who could not line up quickly enough. Those Jews left on the ground were presumed to be dead, and the guards asked for another count, to see how many would be deported to the death camps. The guards ask for a faster and faster head count, and the work culminates as the Jews begin to sing the prayer ''Shema Yisroel''. In Schoenberg’s piece, the creed ends with Deuteronomy 6:7, which reads “and when thou liest down, and when thou riseth up."
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